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Beginner’s Guide to Evaluating Mutual Funds: Key Factors for Smarter Investing in 2025

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Beginner’s Guide to Evaluating Mutual Funds: Key Factors for Smarter Investing in 2025

A Beginner’s Guide to Evaluating Mutual Funds in 2024

Investing in mutual funds is an excellent pathway for individuals aiming to grow their wealth steadily over time. However, with a multitude of funds available, selecting the right one can be daunting, especially for beginners. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll simplify the evaluation process and provide essential tips for analysing mutual funds to help you build a portfolio that aligns with your financial goals and risk appetite.

Understanding Mutual Funds
What Are Mutual Funds?
Mutual funds are pooled investment vehicles that gather capital from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. Managed by professional fund managers, mutual funds offer investors access to a broad range of assets, promoting diversification without the need to directly manage individual investments.

When you invest in a mutual fund, you own units proportional to your contribution. The value of these units fluctuates based on the performance of the underlying portfolio.

Common Types of Mutual Funds
Equity Funds: Focus on investing in stocks for long-term capital appreciation.

Bond Funds: Invest in fixed-income securities like corporate bonds or government securities for stable income.

Index Funds: Passively managed funds that replicate market indices such as the Nifty 50 or Sensex, ideal for cost-effective, broad market exposure.

Hybrid Funds: Combine equities and debt instruments, offering a balance between growth and stability.

For example, equity funds are ideal for growth-focused investors, while hybrid funds cater to those seeking a balanced risk-return mix.

Benefits of Investing in Mutual Funds
Professional Management: Fund managers bring expertise in selecting securities and managing portfolios.

Accessibility: Many mutual funds have low minimum investment thresholds, making them ideal for beginners.

Variety of Strategies: Investors can choose from growth, income, or balanced strategies based on their goals.

Mutual funds democratize investing, allowing individuals to gain exposure to a professionally managed, diversified portfolio without requiring large capital.

Key Factors to Evaluate Before Investing in Mutual Funds
1. Fund Performance
While historical returns are informative, they should not be the sole determinant. Assess a fund’s risk-adjusted returns using metrics like:

Sharpe Ratio

Treynor Ratio

Jensen’s Alpha

Sortino Ratio

Moreover, compare the fund’s returns against its benchmark (e.g., Nifty 100 for large-cap funds) over various market cycles to gauge consistency. Prioritize funds that demonstrate resilience during downturns rather than chasing high short-term returns.

2. Fund Manager’s Track Record
A fund manager’s expertise can significantly influence fund performance. Key factors to consider:

Years of experience in fund management.

Consistency in applying an investment strategy.

Performance history with previous funds.

Avoid funds with frequent strategy shifts, as inconsistency can signal a lack of clear investment philosophy.

3. Expense Ratio
It includes management fees and distributor commissions (in case of regular plans). Lower expense ratios enhance net returns over time, especially for long-term investors.

Index funds and direct plans typically have lower expense ratios.

Always weigh the potential return against the cost of investing.

4. Risk vs. Return
Higher returns often come with higher risks. Evaluate whether the fund’s risk profile aligns with your tolerance level:

Large-cap funds: Lower risk compared to mid-cap and small-cap funds.

Sector funds: Higher risk due to limited diversification.

Diversification within the fund—across equities, debt, and gold—helps reduce overall portfolio risk.

Practical Tips for Beginners
Understand Your Goals: Define your investment horizon and financial goals before choosing funds.

Diversify Smartly: Invest across different types of funds to balance risk and return.

Consult Experts: Seek advice from certified financial advisors if you need personalized investment guidance.

Conclusion
Investing in mutual funds is an accessible and effective way for beginners to build long-term wealth. By understanding the basics and carefully evaluating critical factors like performance, fund management, costs, and risk-return trade-offs, investors can make informed decisions.

A well-constructed mutual fund portfolio tailored to your risk appetite and financial goals can provide stability and growth over time. Stay disciplined, invest consistently, and revisit your strategy periodically to ensure you stay on track toward financial success.

Disclaimer: The views expressed are personal opinions intended for informational purposes only.

Tax Harvesting for Mutual Fund Returns: Smart Strategies to Save Taxes in 2024

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Tax Harvesting for Mutual Fund Returns: Smart Strategies to Save Taxes in 2024

How to Implement Tax Harvesting for Mutual Fund Returns in 2024

Tax harvesting has emerged as a powerful strategy for investors aiming to minimize tax liabilities and maximize net returns. By strategically offsetting capital gains with capital losses, tax harvesting can help investors retain a larger share of their investment earnings — especially relevant for mutual fund portfolios in 2024.

In this guide, we’ll dive deep into what tax harvesting is, how it applies to mutual fund investments, and the best practices for leveraging this strategy effectively.

What is Tax Harvesting in Mutual Funds?

Additionally, investors can realize gains up to ₹1 lakh — which are exempt from tax — by booking profits and reinvesting in the same or similar mutual fund schemes. This approach optimizes gains while staying within the tax-free threshold, akin to a structured wash sale strategy.

Common Tax Harvesting Strategies for Mutual Fund Investors
1. Selling Underperforming Mutual Funds
Realizing these losses enables you to offset gains from other profitable investments, thereby lowering your taxable income. This tactic is particularly effective toward the financial year-end when finalizing tax liabilities.

2. Switching Within Fund Houses
Another effective strategy involves switching from one mutual fund scheme to another within the same asset management company (AMC). By switching from a loss-making scheme to a different one, investors can realize losses without losing market exposure — all while managing tax liabilities efficiently.

3. Utilizing Wash Sale Concepts
While Indian tax laws do not have explicit “wash sale” regulations like some international markets, investors often sell mutual funds at a loss and repurchase similar schemes after a brief interval. Though effective, it’s critical to ensure compliance with tax guidelines to avoid potential scrutiny.

Key Tax Laws Governing Tax Harvesting in India
A solid understanding of Indian tax regulations is essential for successful tax harvesting. Here’s a breakdown of relevant provisions:

Section 112A — Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG)
Applies to equity shares, equity mutual funds, and units of business trusts.

Applicable only if the investment is held for more than 12 months.

Section 111A — Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG)
Applies to equity instruments held for 12 months or less.

Gains are taxed at a flat 15% if STT is paid on transfer.

Section 70 — Set-off of Losses
Short-term capital losses can be set off against both short-term and long-term gains.

Specific losses, like speculative losses, have more restrictive set-off rules.

Sections 73-74 — Carry Forward of Losses

Practical Tips for Effective Tax Harvesting
Review Your Portfolio: Regularly assess your holdings to identify funds that can be sold for tax advantages.

Strategize Year-End Moves: Tax harvesting is most beneficial when executed toward the financial year-end.

Stay Compliant: Ensure adherence to Indian tax laws to avoid legal complications.

Seek Professional Advice: Consulting with a qualified financial advisor can help tailor strategies based on your risk profile and financial goals.

Conclusion
Tax harvesting is a strategic and lawful way to manage mutual fund returns by minimizing tax outflows. When used judiciously, it can enhance your portfolio’s efficiency and protect your hard-earned gains. However, it’s critical to ensure that this strategy is executed responsibly and in compliance with existing tax laws.

By regularly reviewing your investments and understanding the tax implications, you can maximize returns and achieve smarter financial outcomes in 2024 and beyond.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are solely for informational purposes. Always consult a tax professional or financial advisor for personalized guidance.

Is Your Mutual Fund Portfolio Overlapping? How to Identify and Optimize in 2025

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Is Your Mutual Fund Portfolio Overlapping? How to Identify and Optimize in 2025

Is Your Mutual Fund Portfolio Overlapping? Here’s How to Find Out

However, many investors unknowingly dilute the benefits of diversification by holding multiple funds that invest in the same securities. This overlap can increase risk, duplicate costs, and ultimately diminish portfolio performance.

Wondering if your mutual funds are overlapping?

What is Mutual Fund Portfolio Overlap?
Portfolio overlap occurs when two or more mutual funds in your portfolio invest in the same underlying stocks.

This phenomenon is common because a large proportion of mutual fund assets are concentrated in the top 100 stocks, with fund managers often gravitating toward the same high-performing companies.

Why is Overlap a Problem?
Excessive overlap in your mutual fund portfolio can undermine the core benefit of diversification. Instead of spreading risk across different asset classes and sectors, overlapping holdings lead to concentrated exposure, making your portfolio vulnerable to market volatility.

Here’s why overlap should concern you:

Reduced Diversification: Overlapping stocks concentrate your portfolio, reducing the diversification that is crucial for risk mitigation.

Higher Costs: Paying management fees for multiple funds holding similar stocks means you’re incurring redundant expenses without gaining additional diversification benefits.

Increased Risk: A downturn in a few overlapping stocks can severely impact multiple funds, amplifying losses across your portfolio.

Industry Insights on Overlapping Risks

ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Schemes): Overlap ranges from 30% to as high as 80%.

Flexi-Cap Funds: Average overlap is about 25%, with some surpassing 50%.

Such high concentration levels expose investors to undue risk and volatility.

How to Identify Mutual Fund Overlap
Tracking overlapping securities across multiple mutual funds can be complex without the right tools.

Introducing 1 Finance’s Mutual Fund Overlap Calculator
Our Mutual Fund Overlap Calculator provides an intuitive way to detect overlapping stocks between mutual funds. This tool helps investors streamline their portfolios, reduce risk, and avoid redundant costs.

Key Features:

Compare up to Five Schemes: Analyse overlap across five mutual funds simultaneously.

Top 5 Stock Exposure: Instantly view the top 5 common stocks and their weightages.

How It Works
Visit: 1 Finance Mutual Fund Portfolio Review Tool.

Input Funds: Add the mutual funds you wish to analyse, e.g.,

HDFC Top 100 Fund

Axis Blue chip Fund

UTI Large & Mid Cap Fund

ICICI Prudential Blue chip Fund

Analyse: Click the “Find Overlap” button to generate an overlap report.

The tool provides a detailed percentage overlap between funds. For example, HDFC Top 100 Fund and ICICI Prudential Blue chip Fund may have a 57% overlap, highlighting significant redundancy.

Consequences of Overlapping Portfolios
High overlap can have several negative impacts:

Reduced Diversification: Limits the risk-reducing benefit that diversified investments typically provide.

Risk Concentration: Poor performance of overlapping stocks can negatively affect multiple funds.

Redundant Costs: Paying multiple sets of management fees without proportional diversification benefits.

Disrupted Portfolio Strategy: Inconsistent with goals for balanced and well-spread investments.

How Our Overlap Tool Enhances Your Portfolio Strategy
Managing a diverse yet efficient mutual fund portfolio is crucial. Our Mutual Fund Overlap Calculator simplifies this by delivering clear, actionable insights.

Benefits of the Mutual Fund Overlap Calculator:
Cost Efficiency: Minimize overlapping investments and associated fees.

Risk Reduction: Identify areas where portfolio concentration is too high.

Time-Saving: Automates the complex process of comparing fund portfolios.

Informed Decision-Making: Helps construct a truly diversified portfolio tailored to your risk profile.

Considerations
While the tool is extremely helpful, keep in mind:

Not a Substitute for Professional Advice: Consult a financial advisor for personalized investment strategies.

Market Conditions Vary: Reassess overlaps periodically, as fund holdings evolve over time.

Focus Primarily on Equities: Additional due diligence may be required for non-equity mutual funds.

Final Thoughts
A well-constructed mutual fund portfolio should balance risk and reward. Overlapping funds can compromise this balance, exposing you to unnecessary risks and costs. Using an advanced Mutual Fund Overlap Calculator can help you fine-tune your investments, ensuring you maintain true diversification and optimize portfolio performance.

Don’t let overlap drag down your returns — analyse and optimize your mutual fund portfolio today!

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and are intended for educational purposes only. This content does not constitute financial advice or a recommendation for any financial product.

Top 15 Mutual Fund Mistakes to Avoid in 2025 | Smart Investment Tips for Beginners

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Top 15 Mutual Fund Mistakes to Avoid in 2025 | Smart Investment Tips for Beginners

Common Mutual Fund Mistakes You Must Avoid

Mutual funds have steadily gained popularity among Indian investors, offering a convenient and effective route to wealth creation. Yet, despite their accessibility, mutual funds are often misunderstood and misused, leading to avoidable investment mistakes. Let’s explore the top mutual fund mistakes and how to sidestep them for a smarter investment journey.

1. Ignoring Comprehensive Financial Planning
Mistake: Jumping into mutual fund investments without evaluating personal financial health is a critical error. Many investors skip analyzing their risk tolerance, emergency funds, liabilities, and future financial needs. According to SEBI data, nearly 90% of Indian investors exit mutual funds within three years due to misalignment with their financial goals and risk appetite.

Solution: Undertake a holistic financial review before investing. Understand your short-term and long-term goals, assess your assets and liabilities, and consider professional financial advice to align investments with your overall strategy.

2. Relying Solely on Past Performance
Mistake: Many investors select mutual funds based on historical returns without considering other performance indicators. Past returns are not reliable predictors of future performance, yet many extrapolate short-term successes into the future.

Solution: Look beyond past returns. Prioritize funds with robust risk management over those with flashy historical returns.

3. Over-Diversification
Mistake: Often, multiple funds hold similar stocks, especially in the large-cap category, diluting the benefits of diversification and complicating portfolio management.

Solution: Maintain a focused and strategic portfolio. Invest in a few well-researched funds that align with your risk profile and financial objectives to achieve efficient diversification.

4. Disregarding Expense Ratios
Mistake: Expense ratios, which cover a fund’s operating costs, can quietly erode returns. Regular plans have higher expense ratios due to distributor commissions compared to direct plans.

Solution: Compare expense ratios before investing. Opt for direct plans where feasible and consider low-cost index funds to maximize returns over the long term.

5. Overlooking Index Funds
Mistake: Many investors neglect index funds in favour of actively managed funds, unaware that a significant number of active funds fail to outperform their benchmarks. As per the SPIVA India 2022 report, 88% of active large-cap funds underperformed their benchmarks.

Solution: Evaluate whether your fund consistently beats its benchmark. If not, consider switching to index funds, which offer lower costs and dependable market-matching returns.

6. Blindly Investing in New Fund Offers (NFOs)
Mistake: NFOs, often launched at an initial NAV of ₹10, are wrongly equated with stock IPOs.

Solution: Only invest in NFOs offering unique strategies or innovative themes. Otherwise, stick to well-established funds with proven track records.

7. Making Emotional Exit Decisions
Mistake: Market volatility often triggers panic, causing investors to exit prematurely and lock in losses. Such emotional decisions typically stem from poorly constructed portfolios or a lack of understanding of market cycles.

Solution: Approach mutual fund investing with a long-term perspective. Focus on fundamentally strong funds and stay disciplined during market fluctuations.

8. Ignoring Tax Implications
Mistake: Many investors overlook the tax treatment of different mutual fund categories. Equity, debt, and hybrid funds each have distinct tax norms, and misunderstanding them can reduce your net returns.

Solution: Educate yourself on mutual fund taxation. Consult a tax advisor to optimize your investment strategy for post-tax returns.

9. Avoiding SIPs
Mistake: New investors often prefer lump-sum investments, exposing themselves to market timing risks.

10. Neglecting Portfolio Reviews

Solution: Conduct an annual portfolio review. Compare your funds’ performance against benchmarks and make adjustments as necessary to stay aligned with your goals.

11. Falling for Media and Market Hype
Mistake: Media-driven hype around high-performing funds can lead to hasty and misinformed investment decisions.

Solution: Base your investment decisions on thorough research and credible financial advice, not market noise.

12. Overlooking Professional Advice
Mistake: Many assume mutual funds are simple and skip consulting financial advisors, leading to suboptimal choices.

Solution: Engage with certified financial advisors who can tailor investment strategies based on your unique goals and risk profile.

13. Not Understanding Fund Types
Mistake: Investing without clarity on whether a fund is equity-based, debt-oriented, or hybrid can lead to mismatched expectations.

Solution: Familiarize yourself with various fund categories:

Equity Funds: Higher returns, higher volatility; 13+ sub-categories like Large-cap, Mid-cap, and Sector Funds.

Debt Funds: Focus on bonds; suitable for conservative investors, with categories like Liquid, Short-term, and Dynamic Bond Funds.

Hybrid Funds: Blend of equity and debt for balanced risk and returns; categories include Arbitrage Funds and Balanced Advantage Funds.

Solution-Oriented Funds: Tailored for retirement and child education goals.

Understanding these categories ensures better fund selection aligned with your needs.

14. Ignoring Exit Loads
Mistake: Unaware of exit loads, some investors face unexpected penalties when redeeming investments early.

Solution: Always check the exit load structure before investing, especially if you anticipate short-term liquidity needs.

15. Succumbing to Peer Pressure
Mistake: Copying a friend’s or relative’s investment choices without evaluating personal suitability can be detrimental.

Solution: Personal finance is highly individualized. Base your investment decisions on your financial situation, not others’ choices.

Final Thoughts
Understanding the common pitfalls and taking steps to avoid them can significantly enhance your investment outcomes. Successful investing isn’t just about chasing returns — it’s about making informed decisions and staying disciplined.

Breathing for a Price? The Corporate Race to Own Clean Air and Other Human Essentials.

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Breathing for a Price? The Corporate Race to Own Clean Air and Other Human Essentials.

How Corporations Are Monetizing Basic Human Needs – Is Clean Air the Next Commodity?

In recent decades, corporate industries have increasingly turned every human need into a profit-making opportunity. What was once free and naturally available is now being packaged, branded, and sold. The next major target? Air – specifically, oxygen.

Today, companies have begun selling “quality air” through air purifiers, oxygen cans, and in some cases, even oxygen bars. This marks a concerning trend where even the most basic necessity for life—clean air—is being commercialized.

Encashing Every Human Need

The commodification of essential resources is not new. Consider these examples:

  • Seeds: In earlier times, fruits and vegetables naturally contained seeds that farmers could use to plant new crops. Now, many fruits are genetically modified to be seedless, and farmers must buy seeds from corporations every planting season.
  • Cotton and Clothing: Traditional cotton farming and natural textiles have been largely replaced by synthetic, man-made fabrics produced and marketed by textile giants.
  • Cooking Fuel: People once used firewood or other natural fuels. Today, gas stoves and cylinders have become the norm—another shift from self-sufficiency to dependency on industrial systems.
  • Water: Borewell and well water have been replaced by bottled mineral water, turning a basic human right into a commercial product.

The Future of Air: Clean Air for a Price

As air pollution increases due to urbanization, industrial emissions, and deforestation, clean air is becoming scarce. In response, companies have begun offering:

  • Air filters for homes and vehicles
  • Personal air purifiers
  • Bottled oxygen for urban dwellers and travelers

This trend suggests that the very air we breathe may soon become a luxury—accessible only to those who can afford it. What was once a shared resource is now being packaged and sold.

Why This Is Happening

The relationship between nature and humans has evolved over thousands of years, shaped by our dependence on the environment for survival and development. Here’s a brief overview of how this relationship began, how it changed, and the consequences that followed:

 

Generated image

1. Early Human-Nature Relationship: Harmony and Survival

  • Hunter-Gatherer Societies: Early humans lived in harmony with nature, relying on forests, rivers, and animals for food, water, and shelter.
  • Deep Respect for Nature: Many indigenous cultures viewed nature as sacred, with beliefs that humans were part of a larger ecosystem.

2. Agricultural Revolution (circa 10,000 years ago): The Beginning of Human Control Over Nature

  • Farming and Domestication: Humans began cultivating land and domesticating animals, leading to permanent settlements.
  • Land was altered by clearing forests and diverting rivers to make way for farmland.

Consequences:

  • Positive: Stable food supply, population growth.
  • Negative: Soil degradation, deforestation began.

3. Industrial Revolution (18th–19th Century): Exploitation Intensifies

  • Machines and Factories: Mass production required large amounts of coal, oil, and other natural resources.
  • Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities led to pollution, habitat destruction, and overuse of land and water.

Consequences:

  • Air and water pollution.
  • Loss of biodiversity.
  • Rise in greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.

4. Modern Era: Conflict and Awareness

  • Technology and Globalization: Overconsumption of resources like fossil fuels, minerals, and water.
  • Climate Change and Environmental Crises: Deforestation, ocean acidification, species extinction, and extreme weather events.

Growing Awareness:

  • Environmental movements and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
  • Push for renewable energy, conservation, and eco-friendly lifestyles.

5. Future: Towards Reconciliation?

  • Sustainability Efforts: Green technology, reforestation, and conservation efforts aim to restore balance.
  • Responsibility: Humans are recognizing their role in protecting nature for future generations.

Conclusion

Humans started by living in tune with nature but gradually shifted toward controlling and exploiting it. This has led to significant consequences like environmental degradation and climate change. Now, there’s a growing movement toward restoring a balanced and respectful relationship with the natural world.

Google Pay’s Journey in India: From Tez to UPI Powerhouse

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Google Pay’s Journey in India: From Tez to UPI Powerhouse

Google Pay’s entry into the Indian market signaled the start of a steady and strategic expansion in the country’s digital finance ecosystem. With almost everyone having a mobile phone and access to free or low-cost internet, India presented a massive opportunity for Google to tap into the payment gateway space.

When Google Pay launched, it attracted users by offering cashback rewards ranging from ₹1 to ₹1 lakh. Many people referred others to the app to earn referral bonuses. Google understood the mindset and psychology of the Indian crowd, especially their attraction to rewards, and used it to expand its user base rapidly.

After acquiring a large user base, Google Pay started affiliating with multiple services, such as utility bill payments, bank transactions, offering loans, and more. While the platform made transactions easier and more convenient, it also led to job losses in traditional sectors. Despite its efficiency, Google Pay’s rise resulted in reduced employment in areas that were once dependent on manual or offline systems.

In the future, Google Pay may venture into various sectors like banking, education, and other essential services, potentially overtaking many of the current leading online businesses in India.

Initially, it offered free transactions to build a user base, but now Google Pay has started charging for utility bill payments, and soon it may begin charging for bank transactions as well. Once people get used to a digital service, they are less likely to go back to offline methods just to save a small amount. And what seems like a small charge to the user becomes significant revenue at scale for big businesses.

Thus, Google Pay has quietly sown the seeds of a business model that leverages user behavior, promotes brands, and generates revenue — all while appearing simple and user-friendly on the surface.

 

The Evolution of Google Pay in the Indian Market

2017: The Beginning with Tez
 On September 18, 2017, Google launched Tez, a Unified Payments Interface (UPI)-based app tailored specifically for the Indian market. Developed under Google’s “Next Billion Users” initiative led by Caesar Sengupta, the app was available on both Android and iOS platforms and supported several regional languages, from Hindi to Kannada.

The app saw rapid adoption. Within just over a month, Tez was downloaded approximately 8.5 million times and facilitated more than 30 million transactions by the end of October 2017.

2018: Tez Becomes Google Pay
 In August 2018, Tez was rebranded as Google Pay, aligning with Google’s global branding strategy while retaining its India-first approach.

2019: Explosive User Growth
Between late 2018 and the close of 2019, Google Pay saw a sharp increase in its monthly active users in India, rising from approximately 22 million to 67 million. This rapid growth was largely driven by its easy-to-use design and the introduction of features tailored specifically for merchants.

2020: Launch of Google Pay for Business
To assist small and medium-sized enterprises, Google launched a dedicated application called Google Pay for Business. This version offered instant onboarding via QR codes, digital income tracking, and basic bookkeeping tools, all at no cost. The company also partnered with Pine Labs to expand QR-based payments in physical retail environments.

2021: Scale and Expansion
 By 2021, Google Pay had surpassed 150 million users worldwide and processed transactions valued at approximately $110 billion (or around ₹2.5 lakh crore) in the merchant segment alone.

2024: UPI Market Leadership
 As of April 2024, Google Pay held around 37% of the UPI transaction volume in India, positioning it as the second-largest player in the market after PhonePe, which commanded roughly 48%. Google Pay also joined the Reserve Bank of India’s digital rupee (e-Rupee) pilot initiative, indicating its ambitions in digital currency and financial services.

Highlights of Google Pay for Business

  • Quick Setup: Merchants could start accepting payments instantly using UPI-enabled QR codes, with no paperwork involved. 
  • Financial Dashboard: Business owners received summaries of earnings, transaction logs, and automated reports within the app. 
  • Smooth UPI Experience: Enabled direct customer-to-merchant payments, especially useful after the 2016 demonetization that boosted digital adoption.
  • Notable Features of Google Pay for Business
  • Hassle-Free Activation:
  • Entrepreneurs and shopkeepers could start accepting digital payments in minutes using a UPI QR code—no complex forms or bank visits required. This ease of use made it especially appealing to small and medium enterprises across urban and rural India.

 

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